Japanese Volitional Form: ~よう, ~ましょう

“Let’s eat first!” “I intend to study seriously this year.” These two sentences look simple, but Japanese uses several different patterns for invitations, intentions, and personal decisions.
The invitation form is called 意向形 (ikou-kei / volitional). You also need to separate patterns that often get mixed up: ~たい, ~つもり, ~ようと思う, ~ようにする, and ~ようになる.
This article will help you:
- Form the volitional for every verb group.
- Choose the most natural pattern for the context.
- Avoid mistakes that are extremely common among learners.
1. When to Use the Volitional Form
In practice, there are four main functions:
| Function | Pattern | Nuance |
|---|---|---|
| Invite (casual) | ~よう | Relaxed, close friends |
| Invite (polite) | ~ましょう | Neutral-polite; common in class/work |
| State intention | ~ようと思う / ~つもりだ | Personal plan |
| Build habit / show change | ~ようにする / ~ようになる | Conscious effort vs resulting change |
Short version: for “let’s,” use the volitional. For “I want,” that is usually not volitional but
~たい.
2. Full Volitional Formation
2a. Casual form: ~よう / ~おう
Ichidan (る-verb)
Drop る and add よう.
| Dictionary | Volitional |
|---|---|
| 食べる | 食べよう |
| 見る | 見よう |
| 起きる | 起きよう |
Godan (u-verb)
Change the final syllable to the お row and add う.
| Dictionary | Change | Volitional |
|---|---|---|
| 行く | く → こ | 行こう |
| 読む | む → も | 読もう |
| 話す | す → そ | 話そう |
| 待つ | つ → と | 待とう |
| 帰る | る → ろ | 帰ろう |
Irregular
| Dictionary | Volitional |
|---|---|
| する | しよう |
| 来る | こよう |
2b. Polite form: ~ましょう
Quick formula: ます-stem + ましょう
| Dictionary | ます | ましょう |
|---|---|---|
| 食べる | 食べます | 食べましょう |
| 行く | 行きます | 行きましょう |
| する | します | しましょう |
| 来る | きます | きましょう |
2c. Extra note: the “I will not” form (~まい)
Pattern ~まい marks a negative intention such as “I will not…,” with a somewhat formal or literary feel.
Example:
二度と遅刻するまい。
(Nido to chikoku suru mai.)
I am determined not to be late again.
For beginners, recognize this pattern first; you do not need to use it actively yet.
3. Main Uses + Contextual Examples
3a. Direct invitation: ~よう / ~ましょう
Example 1
一緒に昼ご飯を食べよう。
(Issho ni hirugohan o tabeyou.)
Let’s have lunch together.
Example 2
そろそろ帰りましょう。
(Sorosoro kaerimashou.)
Let’s head home soon.
Example 3
この問題をもう一回確認しましょう。
(Kono mondai o mou ikkai kakunin shimashou.)
Let’s check this problem one more time.
3b. Softer invitation: ~ませんか
~ましょう sounds like “let’s do it.” ~ませんか is softer, like “would you like to…?”
Example 4
週末、映画を見ませんか。
(Shuumatsu, eiga o mimasen ka.)
This weekend, would you like to watch a movie?
Example 5
時間があれば、あとで話しませんか。
(Jikan ga areba, ato de hanashimasen ka.)
If you have time, would you like to talk later?
3c. Personal intention: ~ようと思う vs ~つもりだ
~ようと思う is often used for decisions that just came up or are still forming.
~つもりだ is firmer: the intention is already clear.
Example 6
今年は毎日日本語を勉強しようと思います。
(Kotoshi wa mainichi Nihongo o benkyou shiyou to omoimasu.)
This year I intend to study Japanese every day.
Example 7
来月から日本で働くつもりです。
(Raigetsu kara Nihon de hataraku tsumori desu.)
Starting next month I plan to work in Japan.
3d. Conscious effort: ~ようにする
Used when you deliberately build a habit.
Example 8
夜は甘いものを食べないようにしています。
(Yoru wa amai mono o tabenai you ni shite imasu.)
I try not to eat sweet things at night.
Example 9
分からない単語はすぐ辞書で調べるようにしています。
(Wakaranai tango wa sugu jisho de shiraberu you ni shite imasu.)
I make a habit of checking the dictionary right away when I don’t know a word.
3e. Resulting change: ~ようになる
Used when a condition changes, often from “cannot” to “can.”
Example 10
半年勉強して、ひらがながすらすら読めるようになりました。
(Hantoshi benkyou shite, hiragana ga surasura yomeru you ni narimashita.)
After studying for half a year, I became able to read hiragana smoothly.
Example 11
このアプリを使ってから、復習する習慣ができるようになった。
(Kono apuri o tsukatte kara, fukushuu suru shuukan ga dekiru you ni natta.)
Since I started using this app, I developed a habit of reviewing material.
3f. The “about to” pattern: ~ようとする
~ようとする means trying to start an action or almost doing an action.
Example 12
家を出ようとしたとき、電話が鳴った。
(Ie o deyou to shita toki, denwa ga natta.)
Just as I was about to leave the house, the phone rang.
4. Comparisons That Often Confuse Learners
| Pattern | Focus | Short example | When to use |
|---|---|---|---|
~よう | Invitation | 行こう | Casual invite with friends |
~ましょう | Polite invitation | 行きましょう | Class, meetings, service |
~たい | Own desire | 行きたい | “I want to go” |
~ようと思う | Intention (still forming) | 勉強しようと思う | Fresh or gradual decision |
~つもりだ | Strong intention | 留学するつもり | Firmer plan |
~ませんか | Soft invitation | 行きませんか | Invite without pressure |
Quick contrast
A) 映画を見よう。
(Eiga o miyou.)
Let’s watch a movie.
B) 映画を見たい。
(Eiga o mitai.)
I want to watch a movie.
Sentence A = invitation. Sentence B = personal desire.
5. Mini Dialogues
Dialogue 1: Study plans
A: 来月のJLPT、一緒に受けようか。
(Raigetsu no JLPT, issho ni ukeyou ka.)
Next month’s JLPT—want to take it together?
B: いいね。毎日三十分ずつ勉強しよう。
(Ii ne. Mainichi sanjuppun zutsu benkyou shiyou.)
Sounds good. Let’s study 30 minutes every day.
A: うん。寝る前に単語を復習するようにする。
(Un. Neru mae ni tango o fukushuu suru you ni suru.)
Yeah. I’ll make a habit of reviewing vocabulary before bed.
B: 私も。今年は合格するつもり!
(Watashi mo. Kotoshi wa goukaku suru tsumori!)
Me too. This year I plan to pass!
Dialogue 2: Polite invitation
Staff: そろそろ会議を始めましょう。
(Sorosoro kaigi o hajimemashou.)
Shall we start the meeting soon?
Client: その前に、資料を確認しませんか。
(Sono mae ni, shiryou o kakunin shimasen ka.)
Before that, shall we check the materials?
Staff: かしこまりました。では、五分だけ時間をとりましょう。
(Kashikomarimashita. Dewa, gofun dake jikan o torimashou.)
Certainly. Then let’s take five minutes.
6. Common Mistakes ⚠️
| ❌ Wrong | ✅ Right | Note |
|---|---|---|
| 行きよう (for godan) | 行こう | Godan does not use きよう; change to the お row + う |
| 食べましよう | 食べましょう | Spelling is always ましょう, not ましよう |
| 私は行こう | 私は行きたい | Volitional = invitation, not “I want” |
| 明日勉強するよう | 明日勉強しようと思う | Bare ~よう is not a full intention marker |
| 毎日勉強するようになる (still in progress) | 毎日勉強するようにする | ~ようにする = conscious effort; ~ようになる = resulting change |
| 日本に行こうです | 日本に行くつもりです | Volitional does not combine directly with です as a formal intention pattern |
7. Mini JLPT Practice (10 Questions)
Q1
Change to casual volitional: 読む
Answer: 読もう
Why: Godanむchanges toも, then addう.
Q2
Change to casual volitional: 見る
Answer: 見よう
Why: Ichidan: dropる+よう.
Q3
Translate: "Let’s leave now." (polite)
Answer: いま出発しましょう。
Why: Polite invitation uses~ましょう.
Q4
Pick the best option for "I want to eat sushi."
A. すしを食べよう
B. すしを食べたい
Answer: B
Why: Personal desire uses~たい.
Q5
Fill in: 毎朝早く起きる___しています。
Answer: ように
Why: Conscious habit:~ようにする.
Q6
Translate: "I finally became able to read newspapers."
Answer: やっと新聞が読めるようになりました。
Why: Resulting change uses~ようになる.
Q7
Pick the softest invitation for a superior.
A. いっしょに行こう。
B. いっしょに行きませんか。
Answer: B
Why:~ませんかis softer than casual volitional.
Q8
Fill in: 来年は留学しようと___。
Answer: 思っています
Why: Intention pattern:~ようと思っている.
Q9
Fix the sentence: 私は日本に行こうです。
Answer: 私は日本に行くつもりです。
Why: Formal intention is more natural withつもりです.
Q10
Translate: "Just as I was about to sleep, I remembered my homework."
Answer: 寝ようとしたとき、宿題を思い出した。
Why: “About to do” uses~ようとする.
8. Case Studies in Choosing Patterns
This section helps you pick patterns quickly in real situations. Read the context, choose the most natural pattern, and check the reason.
Case 1: Inviting a close friend
Context: You and a friend are close and chatting casually.
Most natural sentence:
今日、新しいカフェに行こう。
(Kyou, atarashii kafe ni ikou.)
Today, let’s go to the new café.
Why: ~よう sounds light and friendly with close relationships.
Case 2: Inviting a more senior coworker
Context: You want to invite a senior to lunch without sounding pushy.
Safe sentence:
よろしければ、昼ごはんをご一緒しませんか。
(Yoroshikereba, hirugohan o goissho shimasen ka.)
If it’s all right, would you like to have lunch together?
Why: ~ませんか is softer than ~ましょう, especially when inviting someone of higher status.
Case 3: Intention still taking shape
Context: You are not 100% fixed yet, but you already have a direction.
今年は毎日日記を書こうと思っています。
(Kotoshi wa mainichi nikki o kakou to omotte imasu.)
This year I intend to write a journal every day.
Why: ~ようと思っている fits an active intention still being built.
Case 4: Firm intention with commitment
Context: You have already made a concrete decision.
来年、日本で働くつもりです。
(Rainen, Nihon de hataraku tsumori desu.)
Next year I plan to work in Japan.
Why: つもり is stronger than ようと思う.
Case 5: New habit vs resulting change
Context A (effort): You are building a routine.
毎晩、三十分復習するようにしています。
(Maiban, sanjuppun fukushuu suru you ni shite imasu.)
Every night I make a habit of reviewing for 30 minutes.
Context B (result): the habit is starting to pay off.
いまは授業の内容がすぐ分かるようになりました。
(Ima wa jugyou no naiyou ga sugu wakaru you ni narimashita.)
Now I can understand class content quickly.
Why: ようにする focuses on process; ようになる focuses on result.
9. Sentence Production Checklist (Ready to Use)
When speaking, use this checklist to pick the right pattern.
-
Am I inviting someone?
Use~よう(casual) or~ましょう(polite). -
Do I want a soft invitation?
Use~ませんか. -
Do I want to say “I want”?
Use~たい, not the volitional. -
Do I want to state a personal intention or plan?
Choose~ようと思う(still forming) or~つもり(firmer). -
Do I want to talk about a new habit?
Use~ようにする. -
Do I want to talk about skill progress as a result?
Use~ようになる.
Ready-made patterns for daily practice
-
明日は早く寝よう。
(Ashita wa hayaku neyou.)
Tomorrow let’s go to bed earlier. -
よかったら、あとで電話しませんか。
(Yokattara, ato de denwa shimasen ka.)
If you’d like, shall we call later? -
来月から会話クラスを始めるつもりです。
(Raigetsu kara kaiwa kurasu o hajimeru tsumori desu.)
Starting next month I plan to join a conversation class. -
毎日、新しい単語を五個覚えるようにしています。
(Mainichi, atarashii tango o goko oboeru you ni shite imasu.)
I make a habit of memorizing five new words every day.
If you can write at least five sentences from the patterns above each day for a week, control of the volitional will grow much faster.
10. Independent Production Practice (7 Days)
Invitation form should not stop at “I understand.” Train active production with this plan for a week:
Day 1-2: Invitations
Write 6 invitations: 3 casual (~よう) and 3 polite (~ましょう).
Examples:
- 週末は図書館で勉強しよう。
- 会議の前にアジェンダを確認しましょう。
Day 3-4: Intention and plans
Write 6 sentences about your study goals:
- two sentences with
~ようと思う - two sentences with
~つもり - two sentences with
~予定
Example:
来月から毎朝シャドーイングしようと思っている。
(Raigetsu kara maiasa shadooingu shiyou to omotte iru.)
Starting next month I intend to do shadowing every morning.
Day 5-6: Habits and change
Write 4 sentences with ~ようにする and 4 with ~ようになる.
This makes the difference between “effort” and “result” sentences clear.
Day 7: Reflection
Write one short paragraph with:
- one invitation
- one intention
- one new habit
- one ability change
If your paragraph hits all four points without opening notes, your volitional foundation is stable enough for real conversation.
11. 60-Second Lightning Recap
Before closing the lesson, test yourself with four questions:
- Inviting a friend casually -> which pattern?
- Softly inviting a superior -> which pattern?
- Stating a firm mid-term intention -> which pattern?
- Explaining a new habit vs skill progress -> which patterns differ?
If your answers are よう, ませんか, つもり, and ようにする/ようになる, your foundation is on track.
End goal: in spontaneous conversation, you can move from invitation to intention without sounding stiff.
New Vocabulary
| Kanji | Hiragana | Romaji | Meaning | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 意向形 | いこうけい | Ikoukei | Volitional form | Term |
| 習慣 | しゅうかん | Shuukan | Habit | Noun |
| 合格 | ごうかく | Goukaku | Passing (an exam) | Noun/suru |
| 復習 | ふくしゅう | Fukushuu | Review (of lessons) | Noun/suru |
| 資料 | しりょう | Shiryou | Materials / documents | Noun |
| 確認 | かくにん | Kakunin | Confirmation | Noun/suru |
| 予定 | よてい | Yotei | Plan (schedule) | Noun |
| 決める | きめる | Kimeru | To decide | Verb |
| 留学 | りゅうがく | Ryuugaku | Study abroad | Noun/suru |
| 出発 | しゅっぱつ | Shuppatsu | Departure | Noun/suru |
Conclusion
~よう / ~ましょうare used for invitations.~たいis used for personal desire, not invitation.~ようと思うand~つもりだboth mark intention, but with different firmness.~ようにする= effort to build a habit;~ようになる= resulting change.~ませんかis a softer, safer invitation option in many social situations.
Once you master this article, you will sound much more natural when inviting others, laying out plans, and explaining study progress in Japanese.
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