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Japanese Volitional Form: ~よう, ~ましょう

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10 min read
Japanese volitional invitation form

“Let’s eat first!” “I intend to study seriously this year.” These two sentences look simple, but Japanese uses several different patterns for invitations, intentions, and personal decisions.

The invitation form is called 意向形いこうけい (ikou-kei / volitional). You also need to separate patterns that often get mixed up: ~たい, ~つもり, ~ようと思う, ~ようにする, and ~ようになる.

This article will help you:

  1. Form the volitional for every verb group.
  2. Choose the most natural pattern for the context.
  3. Avoid mistakes that are extremely common among learners.

1. When to Use the Volitional Form

In practice, there are four main functions:

FunctionPatternNuance
Invite (casual)~ようRelaxed, close friends
Invite (polite)~ましょうNeutral-polite; common in class/work
State intention~ようと思う / ~つもりだPersonal plan
Build habit / show change~ようにする / ~ようになるConscious effort vs resulting change

Short version: for “let’s,” use the volitional. For “I want,” that is usually not volitional but ~たい.


2. Full Volitional Formation

2a. Casual form: ~よう / ~おう

Ichidan (る-verb)

Drop and add よう.

DictionaryVolitional
べるべよう
よう
きるきよう

Godan (u-verb)

Change the final syllable to the row and add .

DictionaryChangeVolitional
く → ここう
む → ももう
はなす → そはなそう
つ → ととう
かえる → ろかえろう

Irregular

DictionaryVolitional
するしよう
こよう

2b. Polite form: ~ましょう

Quick formula: ます-stem + ましょう

Dictionaryますましょう
べるべますべましょう
きますきましょう
するしますしましょう
きますきましょう

2c. Extra note: the “I will not” form (~まい)

Pattern ~まい marks a negative intention such as “I will not…,” with a somewhat formal or literary feel.

Example:

二度にど遅刻ちこくするまい。
(Nido to chikoku suru mai.)
I am determined not to be late again.

For beginners, recognize this pattern first; you do not need to use it actively yet.


3. Main Uses + Contextual Examples

3a. Direct invitation: ~よう / ~ましょう

Example 1
一緒いっしょひるはんべよう。
(Issho ni hirugohan o tabeyou.)
Let’s have lunch together.

Example 2
そろそろかえりましょう。
(Sorosoro kaerimashou.)
Let’s head home soon.

Example 3
この問題もんだいをもう一回いっかい確認かくにんしましょう。
(Kono mondai o mou ikkai kakunin shimashou.)
Let’s check this problem one more time.

3b. Softer invitation: ~ませんか

~ましょう sounds like “let’s do it.” ~ませんか is softer, like “would you like to…?”

Example 4
週末しゅうまつ映画えいがませんか。
(Shuumatsu, eiga o mimasen ka.)
This weekend, would you like to watch a movie?

Example 5
時間じかんがあれば、あとではなしませんか。
(Jikan ga areba, ato de hanashimasen ka.)
If you have time, would you like to talk later?

3c. Personal intention: ~ようと思う vs ~つもりだ

~ようと思う is often used for decisions that just came up or are still forming.
~つもりだ is firmer: the intention is already clear.

Example 6
今年ことし毎日まいにち日本語にほんご勉強べんきょうしようとおもいます。
(Kotoshi wa mainichi Nihongo o benkyou shiyou to omoimasu.)
This year I intend to study Japanese every day.

Example 7
来月らいげつから日本にほんはたらくつもりです。
(Raigetsu kara Nihon de hataraku tsumori desu.)
Starting next month I plan to work in Japan.

3d. Conscious effort: ~ようにする

Used when you deliberately build a habit.

Example 8
よるあまいものをべないようにしています。
(Yoru wa amai mono o tabenai you ni shite imasu.)
I try not to eat sweet things at night.

Example 9
からない単語たんごはすぐ辞書じしょ調しらべるようにしています。
(Wakaranai tango wa sugu jisho de shiraberu you ni shite imasu.)
I make a habit of checking the dictionary right away when I don’t know a word.

3e. Resulting change: ~ようになる

Used when a condition changes, often from “cannot” to “can.”

Example 10
半年はんとし勉強べんきょうして、ひらがながすらすらめるようになりました。
(Hantoshi benkyou shite, hiragana ga surasura yomeru you ni narimashita.)
After studying for half a year, I became able to read hiragana smoothly.

Example 11
このアプリを使つかってから、復習ふくしゅうする習慣しゅうかんができるようになった。
(Kono apuri o tsukatte kara, fukushuu suru shuukan ga dekiru you ni natta.)
Since I started using this app, I developed a habit of reviewing material.

3f. The “about to” pattern: ~ようとする

~ようとする means trying to start an action or almost doing an action.

Example 12
いえようとしたとき、電話でんわった。
(Ie o deyou to shita toki, denwa ga natta.)
Just as I was about to leave the house, the phone rang.


4. Comparisons That Often Confuse Learners

PatternFocusShort exampleWhen to use
~ようInvitationこうCasual invite with friends
~ましょうPolite invitationきましょうClass, meetings, service
~たいOwn desireきたい“I want to go”
~ようと思うIntention (still forming)勉強べんきょうしようと思うFresh or gradual decision
~つもりだStrong intention留学りゅうがくするつもりFirmer plan
~ませんかSoft invitationきませんかInvite without pressure

Quick contrast

A) 映画えいがよう。
(Eiga o miyou.)
Let’s watch a movie.

B) 映画えいがたい。
(Eiga o mitai.)
I want to watch a movie.

Sentence A = invitation. Sentence B = personal desire.


5. Mini Dialogues

Dialogue 1: Study plans

A: 来月らいげつのJLPT、一緒いっしょけようか。
(Raigetsu no JLPT, issho ni ukeyou ka.)
Next month’s JLPT—want to take it together?

B: いいね。毎日まいにち三十分さんじゅっぷんずつ勉強べんきょうしよう。
(Ii ne. Mainichi sanjuppun zutsu benkyou shiyou.)
Sounds good. Let’s study 30 minutes every day.

A: うん。まえ単語たんご復習ふくしゅうするようにする。
(Un. Neru mae ni tango o fukushuu suru you ni suru.)
Yeah. I’ll make a habit of reviewing vocabulary before bed.

B: わたしも。今年ことし合格ごうかくするつもり!
(Watashi mo. Kotoshi wa goukaku suru tsumori!)
Me too. This year I plan to pass!

Dialogue 2: Polite invitation

Staff: そろそろ会議かいぎはじめましょう。
(Sorosoro kaigi o hajimemashou.)
Shall we start the meeting soon?

Client: そのまえに、資料しりょう確認かくにんしませんか。
(Sono mae ni, shiryou o kakunin shimasen ka.)
Before that, shall we check the materials?

Staff: かしこまりました。では、五分ごふんだけ時間じかんをとりましょう。
(Kashikomarimashita. Dewa, gofun dake jikan o torimashou.)
Certainly. Then let’s take five minutes.


6. Common Mistakes ⚠️

❌ Wrong✅ RightNote
きよう (for godan)こうGodan does not use きよう; change to the お row + う
べましようべましょうSpelling is always ましょう, not ましよう
わたしこうわたしきたいVolitional = invitation, not “I want”
明日あした勉強べんきょうするよう明日あした勉強べんきょうしようと思うBare ~よう is not a full intention marker
毎日まいにち勉強べんきょうするようになる (still in progress)毎日まいにち勉強べんきょうするようにする~ようにする = conscious effort; ~ようになる = resulting change
日本にほんこうです日本にほんくつもりですVolitional does not combine directly with です as a formal intention pattern

7. Mini JLPT Practice (10 Questions)

Q1
Change to casual volitional:

Answer: もう
Why: Godan changes to , then add .

Q2
Change to casual volitional:

Answer: よう
Why: Ichidan: drop + よう.

Q3
Translate: "Let’s leave now." (polite)

Answer: いま出発しゅっぱつしましょう。
Why: Polite invitation uses ~ましょう.

Q4
Pick the best option for "I want to eat sushi."
A. すしをべよう
B. すしをべたい

Answer: B
Why: Personal desire uses ~たい.

Q5
Fill in: 毎朝まいあさはやきる___しています。

Answer: ように
Why: Conscious habit: ~ようにする.

Q6
Translate: "I finally became able to read newspapers."

Answer: やっと新聞しんぶんめるようになりました。
Why: Resulting change uses ~ようになる.

Q7
Pick the softest invitation for a superior.
A. いっしょにこう。
B. いっしょにきませんか。

Answer: B
Why: ~ませんか is softer than casual volitional.

Q8
Fill in: 来年らいねん留学りゅうがくしようと___。

Answer: おもっています
Why: Intention pattern: ~ようと思っている.

Q9
Fix the sentence: わたし日本にほんこうです。

Answer: わたし日本にほんくつもりです。
Why: Formal intention is more natural with つもりです.

Q10
Translate: "Just as I was about to sleep, I remembered my homework."

Answer: ようとしたとき、宿題しゅくだいおもした。
Why: “About to do” uses ~ようとする.


8. Case Studies in Choosing Patterns

This section helps you pick patterns quickly in real situations. Read the context, choose the most natural pattern, and check the reason.

Case 1: Inviting a close friend

Context: You and a friend are close and chatting casually.

Most natural sentence:

今日きょうあたらしいカフェにこう。
(Kyou, atarashii kafe ni ikou.)
Today, let’s go to the new café.

Why: ~よう sounds light and friendly with close relationships.

Case 2: Inviting a more senior coworker

Context: You want to invite a senior to lunch without sounding pushy.

Safe sentence:

よろしければ、ひるごはんをご一緒いっしょしませんか。
(Yoroshikereba, hirugohan o goissho shimasen ka.)
If it’s all right, would you like to have lunch together?

Why: ~ませんか is softer than ~ましょう, especially when inviting someone of higher status.

Case 3: Intention still taking shape

Context: You are not 100% fixed yet, but you already have a direction.

今年ことし毎日まいにち日記にっきこうとおもっています。
(Kotoshi wa mainichi nikki o kakou to omotte imasu.)
This year I intend to write a journal every day.

Why: ~ようと思っている fits an active intention still being built.

Case 4: Firm intention with commitment

Context: You have already made a concrete decision.

来年らいねん日本にほんはたらくつもりです。
(Rainen, Nihon de hataraku tsumori desu.)
Next year I plan to work in Japan.

Why: つもり is stronger than ようと思う.

Case 5: New habit vs resulting change

Context A (effort): You are building a routine.

毎晩まいばん三十分さんじゅっぷん復習ふくしゅうするようにしています。
(Maiban, sanjuppun fukushuu suru you ni shite imasu.)
Every night I make a habit of reviewing for 30 minutes.

Context B (result): the habit is starting to pay off.

いまは授業じゅぎょう内容ないようがすぐかるようになりました。
(Ima wa jugyou no naiyou ga sugu wakaru you ni narimashita.)
Now I can understand class content quickly.

Why: ようにする focuses on process; ようになる focuses on result.


9. Sentence Production Checklist (Ready to Use)

When speaking, use this checklist to pick the right pattern.

  1. Am I inviting someone?
    Use ~よう (casual) or ~ましょう (polite).

  2. Do I want a soft invitation?
    Use ~ませんか.

  3. Do I want to say “I want”?
    Use ~たい, not the volitional.

  4. Do I want to state a personal intention or plan?
    Choose ~ようと思う (still forming) or ~つもり (firmer).

  5. Do I want to talk about a new habit?
    Use ~ようにする.

  6. Do I want to talk about skill progress as a result?
    Use ~ようになる.

Ready-made patterns for daily practice

  • 明日あしたはやよう。
    (Ashita wa hayaku neyou.)
    Tomorrow let’s go to bed earlier.

  • よかったら、あとで電話でんわしませんか。
    (Yokattara, ato de denwa shimasen ka.)
    If you’d like, shall we call later?

  • 来月らいげつから会話かいわクラスをはじめるつもりです。
    (Raigetsu kara kaiwa kurasu o hajimeru tsumori desu.)
    Starting next month I plan to join a conversation class.

  • 毎日まいにちあたらしい単語たんご五個ごこおぼえるようにしています。
    (Mainichi, atarashii tango o goko oboeru you ni shite imasu.)
    I make a habit of memorizing five new words every day.

If you can write at least five sentences from the patterns above each day for a week, control of the volitional will grow much faster.


10. Independent Production Practice (7 Days)

Invitation form should not stop at “I understand.” Train active production with this plan for a week:

Day 1-2: Invitations

Write 6 invitations: 3 casual (~よう) and 3 polite (~ましょう).

Examples:

  • 週末しゅうまつ図書館としょかん勉強べんきょうしよう。
  • 会議かいぎまえにアジェンダを確認かくにんしましょう。

Day 3-4: Intention and plans

Write 6 sentences about your study goals:

  1. two sentences with ~ようと思う
  2. two sentences with ~つもり
  3. two sentences with ~予定

Example:

来月らいげつから毎朝まいあさシャドーイングしようとおもっている。
(Raigetsu kara maiasa shadooingu shiyou to omotte iru.)
Starting next month I intend to do shadowing every morning.

Day 5-6: Habits and change

Write 4 sentences with ~ようにする and 4 with ~ようになる.

This makes the difference between “effort” and “result” sentences clear.

Day 7: Reflection

Write one short paragraph with:

  1. one invitation
  2. one intention
  3. one new habit
  4. one ability change

If your paragraph hits all four points without opening notes, your volitional foundation is stable enough for real conversation.


11. 60-Second Lightning Recap

Before closing the lesson, test yourself with four questions:

  1. Inviting a friend casually -> which pattern?
  2. Softly inviting a superior -> which pattern?
  3. Stating a firm mid-term intention -> which pattern?
  4. Explaining a new habit vs skill progress -> which patterns differ?

If your answers are よう, ませんか, つもり, and ようにする/ようになる, your foundation is on track.

End goal: in spontaneous conversation, you can move from invitation to intention without sounding stiff.


New Vocabulary

KanjiHiraganaRomajiMeaningType
意向形いこうけいいこうけいIkoukeiVolitional formTerm
習慣しゅうかんしゅうかんShuukanHabitNoun
合格ごうかくごうかくGoukakuPassing (an exam)Noun/suru
復習ふくしゅうふくしゅうFukushuuReview (of lessons)Noun/suru
資料しりょうしりょうShiryouMaterials / documentsNoun
確認かくにんかくにんKakuninConfirmationNoun/suru
予定よていよていYoteiPlan (schedule)Noun
めるきめるKimeruTo decideVerb
留学りゅうがくりゅうがくRyuugakuStudy abroadNoun/suru
出発しゅっぱつしゅっぱつShuppatsuDepartureNoun/suru

Conclusion

  • ~よう / ~ましょう are used for invitations.
  • ~たい is used for personal desire, not invitation.
  • ~ようと思う and ~つもりだ both mark intention, but with different firmness.
  • ~ようにする = effort to build a habit; ~ようになる = resulting change.
  • ~ませんか is a softer, safer invitation option in many social situations.

Once you master this article, you will sound much more natural when inviting others, laying out plans, and explaining study progress in Japanese.

Previous article: ← Passive & Causative Forms
Next article: Basic Keigo →

Frequently Asked Questions

Change to casual volitional: 読む
読もう
Change to casual volitional: 見る
見よう
Translate: "Let’s leave now." (polite)
いま出発しましょう。
IDENESPTFR