Japanese Potential Form: Expressing Ability

In daily conversation we constantly say “can”: can read, can cook, can take the train alone, can’t yet follow fast speech, and so on. In Japanese, “can” is most often expressed with the potential form, or 可能形.
Learners get stuck because several patterns look similar:
読める(plain potential)読むことができる(can, with a more formal/objective feel)見える/聞こえる(can be seen/heard naturally—not “effort”)
This page walks through all of them systematically so you can pick the most natural pattern for each context.
1. Core idea of the potential form
Use potential form to state:
- General ability: “I can read simple kanji.”
- Situational ability: “I can park here.”
- Possibility due to conditions: “If the signal is good, the video can play.”
Core shape:
Dictionary verb → potential form
2. Full potential conjugation
2a. Ichidan (-ru verbs)
Rule: drop る + られる
| Dictionary | Potential |
|---|---|
| 食べる | 食べられる |
| 見る | 見られる |
| 起きる | 起きられる |
2b. Godan (-u verbs)
Rule: change the final mora to the え row + る
| Dictionary | Change | Potential |
|---|---|---|
| 読む | む → め | 読める |
| 書く | く → け | 書ける |
| 話す | す → せ | 話せる |
| 待つ | つ → て | 待てる |
| 帰る | る → れ | 帰れる |
2c. Irregular
| Dictionary | Potential |
|---|---|
| する | できる |
| 来る | こられる |
Quick examples
Example 1
ひらがなが読めます。
(Hiragana ga yomemasu.)
I can read hiragana.
Example 2
このパソコンで日本語が打てる。
(Kono pasokon de Nihongo ga uteru.)
On this computer I can type Japanese.
3. Derived forms of potential verbs
Once in potential form, the verb behaves like ichidan.
| Form | Example (読める) |
|---|---|
| Non-past affirmative | 読める |
| Negative | 読めない |
| Past | 読めた |
| Past negative | 読めなかった |
| Te-form | 読めて |
Example 3
まだ漢字があまり読めない。
(Mada kanji ga amari yomenai.)
I still can’t read kanji very well.
Example 4
去年は全然話せなかったけど、いまは少し話せる。
(Kyonen wa zenzen hanasenakatta kedo, ima wa sukoshi hanaseru.)
Last year I couldn’t speak at all, but now I can a little.
4. Particle shift: を → が
This is one of the most important points. With potential form, the object often changes from を to が.
| Normal pattern | Potential pattern |
|---|---|
| パンを食べる | パンが食べられる |
| 日本語を話す | 日本語が話せる |
| 漢字を読む | 漢字が読める |
In casual speech you may still hear を in some contexts. For learners, treat が as the safe default.
Example 5
辛い食べ物が食べられますか。
(Karai tabemono ga taberaremasu ka.)
Can you eat spicy food?
Example 6
私は英語が話せません。
(Watashi wa Eigo ga hanasemasen.)
I can’t speak English.
5. ~ことができる vs potential form
Both mean “can,” but the feel differs.
| Pattern | Feel | Best for |
|---|---|---|
読める | natural, everyday speech | normal conversation |
読むことができる | more formal/written | documents, formal talks |
Example 7
このスマホでビデオ編集ができます。
(Kono sumaho de bideo henshuu ga dekimasu.)
With this phone I can edit video.
Example 8
このスマホでビデオを編集することができます。
(Kono sumaho de bideo o henshuu suru koto ga dekimasu.)
With this phone, video can be edited.
Sentence 8 feels more formal and longer.
6. 見える / 聞こえる are not ordinary potential
見える and 聞こえる mark something seen/heard naturally—not active ability.
| Pattern | Meaning |
|---|---|
| 見える | is visible (by conditions) |
| 聞こえる | is audible (by conditions) |
| 見られる | can see (ability/permission) |
| 聞ける | can hear (ability) |
Example 9
ここから富士山が見えます。
(Koko kara Fujisan ga miemasu.)
From here Mount Fuji is visible.
Example 10
この席では音がよく聞こえない。
(Kono seki de wa oto ga yoku kikoenai.)
From this seat the sound isn’t clear.
7. Note on ら抜き (ra-nuki)
In casual speech, many native speakers shorten:
食べられる → 食べれる
見られる → 見れる
This is called ら抜き and is common spoken Japanese, but for formal writing, tests, and study materials, keep the standard られる form.
8. Mini dialogues
Dialogue 1: Job interview
HR: 日本語で自己紹介できますか。
(Nihongo de jikoshoukai dekimasu ka.)
Can you introduce yourself in Japanese?
Candidate: はい、簡単な会話ならできます。
(Hai, kantan na kaiwa nara dekimasu.)
Yes—for simple conversation I can.
HR: 敬語は使えますか。
(Keigo wa tsukaemasu ka.)
Can you use keigo?
Candidate: まだ完璧には使えませんが、勉強しています。
(Mada kanpeki ni wa tsukaemasen ga, benkyou shite imasu.)
Not perfectly yet, but I’m studying it.
Dialogue 2: Travel
A: この駅でICカードが使えますか。
(Kono eki de IC kaado ga tsukaemasu ka.)
Can I use an IC card at this station?
B: はい、使えます。
(Hai, tsukaemasu.)
Yes, you can.
A: じゃあ、現金を持ってこなくてもだいじょうぶですね。
(Jaa, genkin o motte konakutemo daijoubu desu ne.)
So it’s fine even without cash.
9. Common mistakes ⚠️
| ❌ Wrong | ✅ Right | Note |
|---|---|---|
| 読む → 読まられる | 読む → 読める | Godan potential uses え row + る |
| する → しられる | する → できる | Potential of する is irregular |
| 私は日本語を話せる (formal) | 私は日本語が話せる | With potential, objects usually take が |
| 富士山が見られる (meant “visible from here”) | 富士山が見える | 見える for natural visual conditions |
| 食べれる (formal writing) | 食べられる | Avoid ら抜き in formal contexts |
| 日本語を話すことができるです | 日本語を話すことができます | Don’t mis-mix できる + です |
10. Mini JLPT practice (10 items)
Q1
Change to potential: 書く
Answer: 書ける
Why: Godanく→えrow.
Q2
Change to potential: 食べる
Answer: 食べられる
Why: Ichidan: dropる+られる.
Q3
Translate: “I can speak a little Japanese.”
Answer: 日本語が少し話せます。
Why: Useがwith potential.
Q4
Pick the more formal option:
A. 読める
B. 読むことができる
Answer: B
Why:ことができるtends to be more formal.
Q5
Fill in: ここから海が___。 (is visible)
Answer: 見える
Why: Natural visual condition.
Q6
Translate: “I used to be unable to ride a bike.”
Answer: 前は自転車に乗れませんでした。
Why: Past negative potential.
Q7
Fix: する → しれる
Answer: する → できる
Why: Irregular form.
Q8
Translate: “If you practice every day, you’ll be able to hear more clearly.”
Answer: 毎日練習すれば、もっとよく聞けるようになります。
Why: Potential + result changeようになる.
Q9
Pick the natural casual spoken option:
A. このアプリが使える
B. このアプリを使うことができる
Answer: A
Why: Direct potential is more natural in speech.
Q10
Fix: 私は日本語が話すことができる。
Answer: 私は日本語を話すことができる。
Why: WithV-ことができる, the object usually stays withを.
11. Case studies: picking the most natural “can”
Case 1: General personal ability
Sentence:
私は漢字が少し読めます。
(Watashi wa kanji ga sukoshi yomemasu.)
I can read a little kanji.
This is the most natural shape for daily conversation.
Case 2: Ability because of tools/facilities
ここでスマホを充電できます。
(Koko de sumaho o juuden dekimasu.)
You can charge a phone here.
Neutral and informative—good for place instructions.
Case 3: Formal reporting
このシステムでは英語と日本語を切り替えることができます。
(Kono shisutemu de wa Eigo to Nihongo o kirikaeru koto ga dekimasu.)
In this system, English and Japanese can be switched.
In docs and presentations, ことができる often fits better than bare potential.
Case 4: Natural conditions
天気がいいと、ここから山が見えます。
(Tenki ga ii to, koko kara yama ga miemasu.)
When the weather is good, the mountain is visible from here.
Use 見える—not active skill, but conditions.
Case 5: Ability growth
毎日練習したので、前より速く読めるようになりました。
(Mainichi renshuu shita node, mae yori hayaku yomeru you ni narimashita.)
Because I practiced every day, I can now read faster than before.
This pattern is excellent for describing study progress.
12. Potential sentence production checklist
Use this when writing or speaking:
-
Am I stating personal ability?
Use direct potential (読める,話せる,できる). -
Am I writing formal/docs?
ConsiderV-ことができる. -
Am I describing something seen/heard because of conditions?
Use見えるor聞こえる. -
Am I talking about ability improvement?
Use~ようになる. -
Is the object still with
をunder potential?
Check again—usually switch toが.
Daily practice template
- 私は___が読める。
- ここで___ことができる。
- ここから___が見える。
- 前は___なかったが、いまは___ようになった。
Fill it with different vocabulary each day. You train patterns, not one fixed sentence.
Mini self-check
If you can do these three without notes, your potential form is solid:
- Convert 10 mixed verbs (godan, ichidan, irregular) to potential.
- Explain
見えるvs見られるwith examples. - Write a short paragraph on your ability now vs 6 months ago.
13. Ready-to-use speaking patterns (class and interviews)
Many learners know the conjugation but freeze when speaking. Use these sentence packs as ready muscle.
A. Explaining current ability
- 日本語で自己紹介ができます。
- 簡単な会話なら話せます。
- 漢字はまだあまり読めません。
These three are enough to open an interview or course intro safely.
B. Explaining ability limits
- 専門の内容はまだ聞き取れません。
- 早い会話だと、全部は分かりません。
- 敬語は少し使えますが、まだ練習中です。
These show honest ability plus an active learning stance.
C. Showing progress
- 前より自然に話せるようになりました。
- 字幕なしでも、アニメが少し分かるようになりました。
- 毎日練習しているので、発音がよくなってきました。
Progress patterns help essays, presentations, and mid-level self-intros.
D. Asking for support when you can’t yet
- すみません、もう少しゆっくり話していただけますか。
- この漢字はまだ読めないので、教えてください。
- 言い換えていただけると助かります。
This keeps communication smooth even when ability is incomplete.
10-minute practice target
- Pick 2 sentences from A.
- Pick 2 from B.
- Pick 2 from C.
- Say them all out loud for 3 rounds.
Short daily practice makes potential form automatic in real speaking.
14. Quick check before a speaking test
Before an oral exam, check four things:
- Did godan verbs correctly move to the
えrow? - Did ichidan verbs correctly take
られる? - Is
するreplaced byできる, not a homemade pattern? - With potential, did you check whether
がis more natural for the object?
30-second answer model
日本語はまだ完璧ではありませんが、日常会話はかなり話せるようになりました。難しいニュースはまだ全部は分かりませんが、字幕があれば理解できます。
(Nihongo wa mada kanpeki de wa arimasen ga, nichijou kaiwa wa kanari hanaseru you ni narimashita. Muzukashii nyuusu wa mada zenbu wa wakarimasen ga, jimaku ga areba rikai dekimasu.)
My Japanese isn’t perfect yet, but I can handle daily conversation fairly well. I can’t fully understand hard news yet, but with subtitles I can follow.
Adapt this model for interviews, presentations, or speaking tests.
15. Lightning recap of potential form
Before the next lesson, make sure you can answer:
-
How do you make godan potential?
Answer: change to theえrow +る. -
When do you use
ことができる?
Answer: formal, descriptive, or document contexts. -
When do you use
見える/聞こえる?
Answer: when something is seen/heard by conditions, not active skill.
Anchor sentences:
- 私は日本語が話せる。
- 私は日本語を話すことができる。
- ここから海が見える。
If these three and their differences are clear, you are ready for longer potential paragraphs.
As a closing drill, record yourself for one minute explaining “what I couldn’t do before, and what I can now.” Focus on potential form accuracy and particle choice. Recording helps you hear what still sounds unnatural.
Re-check a week later to measure progress. Small notes help you see improvement objectively.
New vocabulary
| Kanji | Hiragana | Romaji | Meaning | Word class |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 可能形 | かのうけい | kanoukei | potential form | term |
| 能力 | のうりょく | nouryoku | ability | noun |
| 条件 | じょうけん | jouken | condition | noun |
| 完璧 | かんぺき | kanpeki | perfect | na-adj |
| 現金 | げんきん | genkin | cash | noun |
| 編集 | へんしゅう | henshuu | editing | noun/suru |
| 自転車 | じてんしゃ | jitensha | bicycle | noun |
| 乗る | のる | noru | to ride | verb |
| 聞こえる | きこえる | kikoeru | to be audible | verb |
| 見える | みえる | mieru | to be visible | verb |
Conclusion
- Potential form is the most natural way to say “can.”
- Godan and ichidan use different conjugation rules—memorize both.
- With potential, objects often shift from
をtoが. ことができるis more formal; bare potential is more natural in conversation.- Separate
見える/聞こえる(natural) from見られる/聞ける(ability/permission).
Once potential form is solid, transitive/intransitive, passive, and complex N3 structures become much easier.
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頑張って! (Ganbatte / Keep going!)
